# Rocket Thrust Calculator

Created by Álvaro Díez
Reviewed by Bogna Szyk and Steven Wooding
Last updated: Dec 21, 2022

The rocket thrust calculator uses Newton's third law and calculates the net rocket propulsion, taking into account the pressure difference between the ambient pressure and the pressure at the rocket nozzle. You can use this calculator not only for rockets but also for any vehicle that uses a jet-rocket engine as its main propulsion since the thrust formula is vehicle-agnostic.

## Rocket thrust: where does the rocket propulsion come from?

Newton's third law states that for every action, there is a reaction of equal strength and opposite direction. This means that when you pull a rope, the rope pulls you back with the same strength. This is the basis of rocket propulsion and rocket physics in general. The amount and speed at which the burnt fuel is exhausted out of the rocket nozzle determines how fast the rocket will accelerate and what amount of kinetic energy it'll gain. This is the reason why a jet rocket engine consumes big amounts of fuel, but also why it is so powerful.

In designing a jet rocket engine, it is important to balance the size of the rocket nozzle in relation to the body of the rocket itself. Given the nature of fluid and rocket physics, a smaller nozzle will make the exhausted fuel move faster but will allow less of it to be exhausted per unit time, so it is important to build a rocket nozzle with the proper size for the desired rocket thrust.

The importance of the rocket nozzle area is shown in this rocket thrust calculator by the variable $A$ – you can test how different sizes would impact the net rocket propulsion.

It can be very interesting to use this rocket thrust calculator in conjunction with the ideal rocket calculator to understand how a rocket works or just to use rocket physics to perform quick calculations and see how each of the variables affects the rocket thrust, speed, acceleration...

## Rocket thrust calculator: understanding the thrust formula and rocket physics

First of all, we should look at the rocket thrust equation underlying the rocket thrust calculator:

$F = v_{\rm e} \frac{{\rm d}m}{{\rm d}t} + A_{\rm e}(P_{\rm e} - P_{\rm amb})$

The right side of the rocket thrust equation is the one used in the rocket thrust calculator, where it is important to point out that ${\rm d}m/{\rm d}t$ represents the variation of mass with time (which is the mass exhausted by the jet rocket per unit time).

Let's see now what are all those variables and introduce some typical values for them. We will use rounded values based on the characteristics of the Merlin 1D rocket engine, which SpaceX uses in its Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets.

1. $v_{\rm e}$ – Effective exhaust velocity at the rocket nozzle if $P_{\rm amb} = P_{\rm e}$. For our example, we used a typical value for a liquid-propellant rocket: $3\ \mathrm{km/s}$.

2. $A_{\rm e}$ – Flow area at the nozzle exit plane. In the case of the Merlin 1D engine, it has a diameter of $1.25\ \mathrm{m}$, which we convert to an area of $1.227185\ \mathrm{m^2}$ using the circumference calculator.

3. ${\rm d}m/{\rm d}t$ – Flow at which mass is exhausted. We obtain a value of $273.6\ \mathrm{kg/s}$ using the advanced mode.

4. $P_{\rm amb}$ – Ambient pressure around the rocket (check the pressure conversion tool for using different units). We will use atmospheric pressure (default value) of $101,325\ \mathrm{Pa}$ for our purposes.

5. $P_{\rm e}$ – Static pressure at the jet rocket exhaust. For our example, we will set it to a reasonable $84,424\ \mathrm{Pa}$.

6. $F$ – Net force or rocket propulsion (rocket thrust); it is the main quantity of interest. We obtain a thrust of $800\ \mathrm{kN}$, which is well within the capacity of a Merlin 1D engine (maximum thrust is 825 kN at sea level).

1. ${\rm d}m$ – Mass expelled at the rocket nozzle in a time ${\rm d}t$. In our example, the total fuel mass of the first stage of the Falcon 9 is $44,320\ \mathrm{kg}$ per engine.

2. ${\rm d}t$ – Time elapsed in expelling the aforementioned mass ${\rm d}m$. The total fuel burn time in the first stage of the Falcon 9 is $162\ \mathrm{s}$.

The values have been obtained from a combination of sources, including , , and .

One of the interesting takeaways from this thrust formula is that the net thrust for a given jet rocket engine will increase with altitude since the pressure decreases with altitude, and hence the negative contribution of the $P_{\rm amb}$ is reduced, increasing the total rocket propulsion.

Once the net thrust (or force) is obtained, you can use a tool like the acceleration calculator to obtain the acceleration at which such a rocket can be launched.

Álvaro Díez
Effective velocity
mph
Flow area at nozzle
ft²
Mass loss rate
lb
/s
Ambient pressure
Pa
Pressure at nozzle
Pa
Thrust
lbf
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