Vapor Pressure of Water Calculator
The vapor pressure of water calculator is a handy tool which can help in determining the vapor pressure of water and ice. Just type in the temperature and the pressure will appear in no time - don't hesitate, give it a go! If you're not sure what vapor pressure is, keep scrolling and you'll find the vapor pressure definition, five different vapor pressure formulas and details about most often used one - Antoine equation.
What is vapor pressure? Vapor pressure definition
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor which is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) in a closed system at a given temperature. The equilibrium - in other words, steady state - between evaporation and condensation occurs when:
Rate of evaporation of the liquid = Rate of condensation of the gas
Vapor pressure is one of the fluid characteristics: it's a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous/vapor state. The vapor pressure of a liquid can be measured in many ways, e.g. by a manometer connected to the flask with measured liquid. You may want to have a look at detailed explanation of vapor pressure definition and cool animations here.
Factors influencing vapor pressure
There are two factors which influence the vapor pressure:
- Temperature
The higher the temperature is, the more molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid or solid, which leads to higher vapor pressure values.
temperature of a liquid increases (T↑) --> kinetic energy of its molecules increases (Ek↑) --> number of molecules transitioning into a vapor increases --> vapor pressure increases (P↑)
At lower temperatures, fewer molecules have sufficient energy.
- Substance nature (types of molecules)
For substances with stronger intermolecular forces, the vapor pressure will be relatively low. In contrary, for relatively weak forces the vapor pressure is relatively high.
The important thing to mention is the fact that the surface area of liquid/solid substance in contact with the gas doesn't affect the vapor pressure. So it doesn't matter if we put our liquid into a wide flask or a thin graduated cylinder - the vapor pressure remains the same.
Vapor pressure formulas
There are many different formulas thanks to which you can calculate the vapor pressure of water. The most well known and established is the Antoine equation, but other methods also exist (and they perform better in typical conditions). In our calculator you'll find implemented:
- Simple formula
simple_pressure = e^(20.386 - (5132 / (temperature + 273)), where vapor pressure is expressed in mmHg and temperature in kelvins.
- Antoine formula
Antoine_pressure = 10^[A - (B / (C + temperature))]
The temperature T is expressed in degrees Celsius and the vapor pressure P is in mmHg. Jump to the next section to read more about the constants in the Antoine formula.
- Magnus formula, also known as August-Roche-Magnus or Magnus-Tetens equation
Magnus_pressure = e^[(17.625 * temperature) / (temperature + 243.04)]
where T is expressed in °C and P in kPa.
- Tetens formula
Tetens_pressure = 0.61078 * e^[(17.27 * temperature) / (temperature + 237.3)]
where T is expressed in °C and P in kPa.
- Buck formula, also known as Arden Buck equation
Buck_pressure = 0.61121 * e^[(18.678 - (temperature / 234.5)) * (temperature / (257.14 + temperature))]
where T is expressed in °C and P in kPa.
You can also use another equation, called the Goff-Gratch formula, but as it's more complicated (and approximately as accurate as Buck formula), we didn't implement it in our vapor pressure of water calculator. The table below shows the comparison of the accuracies between different formulas, for several temperatures from 0-100 °C range (32-212°F). The reference values come from Lide table with vapor pressure of water (all pressures given in kPa).
| T (°C) | T (°F) | P (Lide Table) | P (Simple) | P (Antoine) | P (Magnus) | P (Tetens) | P (Buck) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 32 | 0.6113 | 0.6593 (+7.85%) | 0.6056 (-0.93%) | 0.6109 (-0.06%) | 0.6108 (-0.09%) | 0.6112 (-0.01%) |
| 20 | 68 | 2.3388 | 2.3755 (+1.57%) | 2.3296 (-0.39%) | 2.3334 (-0.23%) | 2.3382 (+0.05%) | 2.3383 (-0.02%) |
| 35 | 95 | 5.6267 | 5.5696 (-1.01%) | 5.6090 (-0.31%) | 5.6176 (-0.16%) | 5.6225 (+0.04%) | 5.6268 (+0.00%) |
| 50 | 122 | 12.344 | 12.065 (-2.26%) | 12.306 (-0.31%) | 12.361 (+0.13%) | 12.336 (+0.08%) | 12.349 (+0.04%) |
| 75 | 167 | 38.563 | 37.738 (-2.14%) | 38.463 (-0.26%) | 39.000 (+1.13%) | 38.646 (+0.40%) | 38.595 (+0.08%) |
| 100 | 212 | 101.32 | 101.31 (-0.01%) | 101.34 (+0.02%) | 104.077 (+2.72%) | 102.21 (+1.10%) | 101.31 (-0.01%) |
As you can notice, the Antoine equation is reasonably accurate for higher temperatures, but the low ones are calculated with quite a big error. The Tetens equation works well for 0-50 °C range, but Buck beats all of them, for every checked value. For temperatures higher than 100 °C, the values start to differ significantly and the Antoine equation is usually the most accurate one.
Antoine equation
The Antoine equation is derived from the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. It's a semi-empirical formula describing the relation between vapor pressure and temperature. It works for many substances, although you need to know the coefficients. There are usually two sets of parameters used for a single component:
Antoine_pressure = 10^(A - (B / (C + temperature)))
-
one for describing the vapor pressure curve up to the normal boiling point. For water, it's the range 0-100 °C (32-212 °F)
A = 8.07131, B = 1730.63, C = 233.426, so the Antoine equation is:
Antoine_pressure = 10^(8.07131 - (1730.63 / (233.426 + temperature))) -
the second for the range from the normal boiling point to the critical point (100-374 °C - or 212°-705 °F - for water)
A = 8.14019, B = 1810.94, C = 244.485, so the formula looks as follows:
Antoine_pressure = 10^(8.07131 - (1730.63 / (233.426 + temperature)))
The Antoine equation is sometimes simplified (omitting C coefficient) or extended by three additional terms, what can increase the flexibility of the equation.
Vapor pressure of water
The vapor pressure of water is the pressure at which water vapor is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state. If we raise the pressure and keep the temperature, the water will condense.
Have a look at this handy vapor pressure for water table to find the pressure for different temperatures quickly:
| T [°C] | T [°F] | P [kPa] | P [torr] | P [atm] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 32 | 0.6113 | 4.5851 | 0.0060 |
| 5 | 41 | 0.8726 | 6.5450 | 0.0086 |
| 10 | 50 | 1.2281 | 9.2115 | 0.0121 |
| 15 | 59 | 1.7056 | 12.7931 | 0.0168 |
| 20 | 68 | 2.3388 | 17.5424 | 0.0231 |
| 25 | 77 | 3.1690 | 23.7695 | 0.0313 |
| 30 | 86 | 4.2455 | 31.8439 | 0.0419 |
| 35 | 95 | 5.6267 | 42.2037 | 0.0555 |
| 40 | 104 | 7.3814 | 55.3651 | 0.0728 |
| 45 | 113 | 9.5898 | 71.9294 | 0.0946 |
| 50 | 122 | 12.3440 | 92.5876 | 0.1218 |
| 55 | 131 | 15.7520 | 118.1497 | 0.1555 |
| 60 | 140 | 19.9320 | 149.5023 | 0.1967 |
| 65 | 149 | 25.0220 | 187.6804 | 0.2469 |
| 70 | 158 | 31.1760 | 233.8392 | 0.3077 |
| 75 | 167 | 38.5630 | 289.2463 | 0.3806 |
| 80 | 176 | 47.3730 | 355.3267 | 0.4675 |
| 85 | 185 | 57.8150 | 433.6482 | 0.5706 |
| 90 | 194 | 70.1170 | 525.9208 | 0.6920 |
| 95 | 203 | 84.5290 | 634.0196 | 0.8342 |
| 100 | 212 | 101.3200 | 759.9625 | 1.0000 |
Two formulas have a version for vapor pressure of water over ice (so for temperatures below 0 °C). Type negative temperatures into the calculator and vapor pressure will be determined according to Buck and Tetens formulas.
