# Ideal Egg Boiling Calculator

Created by Miłosz Panfil, PhD and Mateusz Mucha
Reviewed by Bogna Szyk, Jack Bowater and Adena Benn
Last updated: Feb 02, 2023

Everyone cooks eggs differently. What sets this egg calculator apart is that it was created by Miłosz Panfil, Omni Calculator's chief scientist, who happens to have a Ph.D. in Quantum Physics from the University of Warsaw.

If you want to boil the perfect egg according to quantum physics, use our calculator and follow these steps:

1. Bring the water to boiling point.

2. You may add half a teaspoon of table salt to help prevent the eggs from cracking. For the same reason, it's better to use eggs that aren't taken straight out of the fridge.

3. Be generous with the amount of water; inserting the egg lowers the temperature. We want to be sure we're at the boiling point! Once the eggs are in the water, start the timer.

4. When the time is up, take the eggs out of the pot and rinse them with cold water to stop the boiling process.

That's the recipe in a nut(egg?)shell, but what's the science behind it?

💡 To learn more about boiling points, check out our boiling point calculator and boiling point elevation calculator.

## The science behind the boiling of an egg

When we place anything in hot water, it gets warmer, eggs included. The water begins by warming the shells of the eggs and then their interior, which consists of the white which surrounds the yolk.

A soft-boiled egg should have a firm white and a runny yolk. While both the white and yolk coagulate (change from liquids to gels) in hot water, the white coagulates at a slightly lower temperature than the yolk.

So, for a soft-boiled egg, we should heat the egg to a temperature where the white has already thickened, but the yolk has not. The calculator assumes that we get a perfect soft-boiled egg when it reaches a temperature of 65 °C (149 °F). So how much time does it take to heat an egg to this temperature?

As soon as the eggs are in the water, the shell's temperature quickly reaches that of the boiling water. The heat then starts to spread throughout the egg.

This process is controlled by a heat diffusion equation which depends on two parameters: heat conductivity and heat capacity. The heat conductivity specifies how quickly the heat spreads, while the heat capacity tells us how much heat we need to warm up the substance by one degree.

From the heat diffusion equation, we can estimate the time t when the temperature between the white and yolk reaches 65 °C. That's when we stop heating the eggs.

Because the white is still at a noticeably higher temperature (the shell has a temperature of 100 °C/212 °F), even if we take the eggs out of the water, some heat will still be transferred from the white to the yolk, meaning the yolk might coagulate. That's why we should cool down our eggs immediately after taking the eggs out of the water – so we stop the boiling process.

A precise calculation of the time required to cook a perfect soft-boiled egg is difficult. The whites and yolk are complicated substances involving various types of proteins and fat molecules. Also, every egg is different, and the ratio of whites to yolk varies. of the University of Exeter came up with a formula involving all the main factors. The time $t$ for the region between the white and yolk to get to a temperature $T$ is:

$\small t = m^{2/3}K\log\!\left(\frac{{\rm ywr} (T_\text{egg} - T_\text{water})}{T - T_\text{water}} \right)$

where:

• $m$ – Mass of the egg;
• $K$ – Factor describing thermal properties of an egg;
• $T_\text{egg}$ – Initial temperature of the egg;
• $T_\text{water}$ – Temperature of the water;
• $T$ – Temperature in the region between whites and yolk; and
• $\rm ywr$ – Ratio of white to yolk.

For a soft-boiled egg, the temperature $T$ should be 65 degrees Celsius (149 °F), so that's the value set in our calculator.

For a hard-boiled egg, the temperature inside the egg should be higher, so the yolk coagulates (thickens). However, it cannot be too high because then the sulfur in the white reacts with the iron in the yolk and creates the greenish ferrous sulfide covering the yolk. We should keep the temperature $T$ below 77 °C (170.6 °F) to avoid that.

## The altitude? Is it a joke?

Why is there an altitude section in our calculator? The higher above the sea level you are, the more air pressure decreases, and therefore the boiling point of water decreases. That makes the cooking process more time-consuming. You might not even be able to cook a hard-boiled egg at high altitudes.

If you are high enough, like Mount Everest high, you won't get hard-boiled eggs. At 8848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level, water boils at a disappointingly low temperature of 68 degrees Celsius (154.5 °F).

For a more real-world example, the Bolivian city of El Alto, home to over 1 million people, is 4150 meters above sea level. Water boils at 85.9 °C (186.6 °F), which translates to approximately 2 minutes longer to get a soft-boiled egg compared to how long to boil an egg at sea level. That's crazy!

🙋 Want to learn more about air pressure and boiling points? Then check out our air pressure at altitude calculator and boiling point at altitude calculator.

## Life hacks: how to peel an egg like a pro!

Of course, you can just crack the egg and then peel it, piece by piece, but why would you do it that way when you could just use one of these three time-saving hacks?

1. Once your egg has cooked and cooled down just enough for you to touch it, open it up at both ends. Then, just blow it out of the shell! Just watch how this guy does it:
1. If you don't have that much lung power, put the egg in a container filled with water, close it and shake really well. The peel will come off on its own.

2. Want to try the third option? Crack the egg and roll it on the counter for a few seconds. Then, peel it while holding it in cold water. It works like a charm!

Miłosz Panfil, PhD and Mateusz Mucha
Egg's size...
US M
...or weight
oz
Egg's origin
Custom ▾
...or initial temperature
°F
Altitude
ft
Boiling point of water
212
°F
Air pressure
1.0132
bar
Egg boiling times
Quarter-boiled
5
min
9
sec
Soft egg
7
min
47
sec
Half-boiled
8
min
44
sec
Hard egg
10
min
51
sec
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