How to identify unknown metal using calorimetry?

To identify an unknown metal with calorimetry, you need to find its specific heat capacity and compare its value with an appropriate source. Read more

Where is calorimetry used in industry?

Calorimetry helps food and drug research and is commonly used in science laboratories or coal and fuel industries. They are also used in iron, steel, and cement plants. Read more

How to find calorimeter constant?

To find the calorimeter constant, you can: Check the specific heat capacity of the material it is made of; or Carry an experiment, and use the calorimetry equation: 0 = m1 × c1 × (T final - T init1) + m2 × c2 × (T final - T init2) + ... + mi × ci × (T final - T initI) Read more

Calorimetry Calculator

The calorimetry calculator can help you solve complex calorimetry problems. It can analyze the heat exchange between up to 3 objects. Additionally, it can find the enthalpy change of a chemical reaction inside a coffee-cup calorimeter.

Read on to learn what calorimetry is and how to solve calorimetry problems with the proper equations.

What is calorimetry?

Calorimetry is a science where you try to find the heat transfer during a chemical reaction, phase transition, or temperature change. Calorimetry experiments are based on the law of conservation of energy. This law states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant.

In physics, heat is also known as thermal energy. So, if there is an isolated system where objects exchange heat, the total heat change equals 0.

🙋 Learn more about thermal energy in the thermal energy calculator.

\scriptsize 0 = \Delta Q_{1} + \Delta Q_{2} + ... + \Delta Q_{i}

Objects tend towards thermal equilibrium. So, two objects of different temperatures will exchange heat on contact. The object with a higher temperature will give away heat, while the other will absorb it. After some time, they will have the same temperature.

Calorimetry equation

It's not easy to measure the heat transfer directly. That's why we use constant pressure calorimeters – containers that provide constant pressure and thermal isolation from the surroundings. In a calorimeter, we can measure temperature change with a thermometer. This equation binds temperature change and heat:

\scriptsize \Delta Q = m \cdot c \cdot \Delta T

where:

$\small \Delta Q$ – Heat change;
$\small m$ – Mass of an object;
$\small c$ – Heat capacity of an object (the amount of heat it needs to change the temperature by exactly 1 °C or 1 K); and
$\small \Delta T$ – Temperature change, and its equal to the difference of final and initial temperature: $\small \Delta T = T_{\text{final}} - T_{\text{initial}}$ .

When the temperature change is positive (the temperature of an object has risen), the heat change is also positive. Then, we say that an endothermic process has occurred. Endothermic processes absorb thermal heat to occur (i.e., ice melting).

A negative temperature and heat change means an exothermic reaction occurred. In the process, the heat is lost, and the temperature drops.

An object at a phase transition temperature absorbs or releases heat until the phase change happens without changing the temperature. Then, the heat change is equal to mass times latent heat of a substance:

\scriptsize \Delta Q = m \cdot H

where:

$\small H$ – Specific latent heat.

The heat of transition is positive when an object changes phase from one of higher order to one of lower order (i.e., ice to water). In the opposite situation, it's negative (i.e., steam to water).

So, for example, if you need to find the change of heat from ice at -40 °C to water at 20 °C, you need to calculate three different heat absorptions:

First, the ice absorbs heat until it reaches 0 degrees.
Then, it absorbs heat until all of it melts.
Lastly, it absorbs heat until it reaches 20 °C. Here, the object that changes heat is water, so you need to use water's heat capacity.

We will explain these calculations with an example below.

How to solve calorimetry problems?

To solve calorimetry problems, you need to follow a simple instruction:

First, write down everything you know about each object and what you need to find.
Second, write an equation for heat change for each object.
ΔQ = m × c × (Final temperature - Initial temperature)
Then, write the equation for total heat change in the system.

0 = ΔQ1 + ΔQ2 + ... + ΔQi

0 = m1 × c1 × (T final - T init1) + m2 × c2 × (T final - T init2) + ... + mi × ci × (T final - T initI)
Transform the equation so that the unknown is on the left side and everything else is on the right side.
Input all known values into the equation and find the unknown.

Don't worry if you don't know how to use the instructions yet. Now, we will look at some examples, so you know how to solve calorimetry problems easily.

Calorimetry problems – example 1

You poured $\small 1.4 \text{ kg}$ of mercury into a calorimeter ( $\small 0.5 \text{ kg}$ ) containing $\small 3 \text{ kg}$ of water at $\small 20 \degree \text{C}$ . The mercury had a temperature of $\small 100 \degree \text{C}$ . The temperature of water in the calorimeter increased to $\small 21.21 \degree \text{C}$ . Calculate the specific heat capacity of mercury. The calorimeter constant is $\small 0.0922\ \text{cal}/\text g \cdot \text K$ , and water's heat capacity is $\small 0.999\ \text{cal}/\text g \cdot \text K$ .

1. Following the instructions above, we should first write out everything we know about the system.

	Calorimeter (copper)	Water	Mercury
Mass $\small \text{[kg]}$	0.5	3	1.4
Specific heat capacity $\small [\text{cal}/\text g \cdot \text K]$	0.092	0.999	?
Initial temperature $\small \text{[} \degree \text{C]}$	20	20	100
Final temperature $\small \text{[} \degree \text{C]}$	21.21	21.21	21.21

2. Now, write the heat change equation for each object:

Calorimeter:

\qquad \scriptsize \Delta Q_{c} = m_{c} \cdot c_{c} \cdot (T_{F} - T_{I(c)})

Water:

\qquad \scriptsize \Delta Q_{w} = m_{w} \cdot c_{w} \cdot (T_{F} - T_{I(w)})

Mercury:

\qquad \scriptsize \Delta Q_{m} = m_{m} \cdot c_{m} \cdot (T_{F} - T_{I(m)})

3. Write down the calorimetry equation.

\scriptsize 0 = \Delta Q_{c} + \Delta Q_{w} + \Delta Q_{m}

\scriptsize \begin{split} 0= \ \ &m_{c} \cdot c_{c} \cdot (T_{F} - T_{I(c)})\ + \\ &m_{w} \cdot c_{w} \cdot (T_{F} - T_{I(w)})\ + \\ &m_{m} \cdot c_{m} \cdot (T_{F} - T_{I(m)}) \end{split}

4. Transform the equation so that the unknown is on the left side and everything else is on the right side.

⁣ - m_{m} \cdot c_{m} \cdot (T_{F} - T_{I (m)}) = m_{c} \cdot